It has been observed that Bach's melodies are harmonically conceived and his 
harmonies melodically conceived. This is a pithy way of saying that the music of 
Johann Sebastian Bach is the culmination of not only the Baroque era, but the 
Renaissance as well. The Baroque era began as a reaction against the highly 
refined and intellectual Flemish contrapuntal style that is the essence of the high 
Renaissance. Early Baroque opera led to our modern concept of harmony by 
declaring the primacy of a single melodic line supported by chords designated by 
a figured bass. The concept of melody with harmonic accompaniment was the 
beginning of thinking about harmony and harmonic progressions as an important 
entity and not just the by-product of intersecting lines. Two hundred and fifty 
years later, Schumann, great student of Bach that he was, would declare that in 
the chess game of music melody is the queen but the game depends on 
harmony, the king.  
 
Bach's music reconciles these two aspects; the horizontal (melodic) and the 
vertical (harmonic) in complete balance. While his music often has the linear 
complexity of Renaissance polyphony, it also has a sure and inevitable harmonic 
architecture that always gives the music a sense of solid form and direction. For 
instance, in the great Preludium of the Partita for Solo Violin, the constant stream 
of sixteenth notes reach important arrival and departure points on E, c#, A, f#, B, 
and back to E. The descending thirds give us a large structural I, ii, V, I cadential 
progression that girds the entire piece.  
 
Bach's music also synthesizes the prevailing French and Italian styles that 
dominated the Baroque era. The Italian style, with its emphasis on operatic 
singing and string playing, tends to be more rhythmically straight forward, 
emotionally extroverted, and prone to the use of repeating harmonic sequences. 
French music, on the other hand, grows out of a love for wind instruments and 
dancing, and the emotional quality is often subtle and less overt. One need look 
no further than any of the Bach keyboard suites - the so-called French Suites 
(such as the French Suite No.4 in Eb, BMV.815), English Suites (for example, 
the English Suite No.3 in G: 1.Prélude; 2.Allemande; 3.Courante; 4.Sarabande; 
5.Gavottes I and II; 6.Gigue), and the Partitas (No.1 in Bb; No.2 in C; No.3 in A; 
No.4 in D; No.5 in g; and the No.6 in E) to see the comfortable juxtaposition of a 
French Allemande with an Italian Corrente, followed by a French Saraband 
overlaid with flamboyant, Italian operatic ornamentation.  
 
Bach's cosmopolitan style belies the fact that he travelled so little, although in his 
youth he did famously walk 200 miles to hear Buxtehude play the organ. Unlike 
Handel, who studied in Italy, Bach absorbed much of his Italian influence by 
copying out large amounts of Vivaldi. From Froberger, a German harpsichordist 
who lived in France, he assimilated the French keyboard style. The latter was in 
turn influenced by the "broken style" of the French lutenists who found a way to 
suggest more than one part within a single line. This is an important feature of 
Bach's melodic style and even the single subject of a fugue will contain 
contrapuntal elements within it. This ability is also what allowed Bach to write his 
solo violin and cello sonatas, partitas and suites where a single voiced instrument 
weaves a tapestry of contrapuntal implications.  
 
Most of Bach's working life was spent as a Kapellmeister of various important 
churches, where he was responsible for the music performed at weekly Sunday 
services, in addition to such onerous activities as teaching Latin (which he 
regularly complained about). In his own life Bach was known more as a virtuoso 
organist and improviser and he was considered learned but eccentrically old 
fashioned as a composer what with his obsessions with arcania such as fugue 
and ricercar. His sons (J.C., W.F. and C.P.E. Bach) were much more up to date. 
It should be mentioned that in addition to his large and uniformly high level 
musical output, he had twenty children by two wives.  
 
Bach's devout Lutheran faith pervades all his works, be they instrumental or 
vocal, and one cannot fully understand him without knowing many of the over two 
hundred sacred cantatas he wrote for Sunday services (such as Christ Lag in 
Todesbanden; Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet; and Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring 
from "Herz Und Mund Und Tat Und Leben"), or the great masses and passions, 
such as the Mass in b (excerpts include 1.Kyrie eleison; 11.Cum sancto spiritu; 
23.Dona nobis pacem) and the St. Matthew Passion (excerpts include 
Herzliebster Jesu; Erbarm' dich Mein Gott, and O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden), 
written for Easter and other high holy days. Here one can discover the elaborate 
use of musical figures employed to express text, which also pervade the purely 
instrumental music.  
 
Throughout his life, Bach seemed to be driven to systematically explore all the 
possibilities of a given style or genre. In his organized and numerologically based 
way there are six Brandenburg Concerti - the essence of the Italian style as 
opposed to the four Orchestral Suites, (including the Allegro from the Brandeburg 
Concerto No.1; the Adagio from No.2, and the Allegro from No.5), six of each of 
the keyboard suites mentioned above, six cello suites, six solo violin works, etc. 
Each of the pieces in these collections explores or emphasizes another 
possibility within the type. A veritable bible for musicians, the two books of The 
Well-Tempered Klavier (includes the Prelude and Fugue No.1 in C and Prelude 
and Fugue No.17 in Ab from Book 1, and the Prelude and Fugue No.13 in F# 
from Book 2) twice present preludes and fugues of every imaginable type in 
every key. The miracle of these pieces is that the overwhelming intellectual 
mastery is always in the service of an even higher emotional character and spirit, 
explored with unending variety. At the end of his life Bach was still exploring the 
ultimate possibilities of counterpoint in The Art of the Fugue (contains 
Contrapunctus 12 rectus and Contrapunctus 12 inversus) and The Musical 
Offering.  
 
Bach left supreme works in every genre of his age except opera. Ironically this 
great conservative who really did nothing new, but only better and more 
completely, is for many musicians the true beginning of modern music. In many 
works (e.g. the chromatic variations of the Goldberg Variations) we can see the 
harmonic possibilities of the future. Bach's materials are often made from the 
most basic stuff of music-scales and arpeggios-and this perhaps partly explains 
the health and solidity of his music. For musicians, it is the universal folk music in 
which we bathe to purify our souls.